# PT-141 References: The Bremelanotide Studies Cited Here

> PT-141 references: the full list of peer-reviewed studies, trials, and the FDA label cited across this bremelanotide research digest, with DOIs and PubMed links.

Every study cited on this site, with links to the source.

## How to read this list

Every numbered citation across this site maps to an entry below. Where a study has a PubMed ID or DOI, the link goes to the source so you can read the original. The list mixes peer-reviewed journal articles, two pivotal randomized trials, mechanistic studies, reviews, and the official U.S. prescribing information for bremelanotide. Nothing on this site is cited that does not appear here.

## References

[1] Molinoff PB, Shadiack AM, Earle D, Diamond LE, Quon CY. PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;994:96-102. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12851303/
[2] Pfaus J, Shadiack A, Van Soest T, Tse M, Molinoff P. Selective facilitation of sexual solicitation in the female rat by a melanocortin receptor agonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:10201-10204. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15226502/
[3] Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Simon JA. Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):899-908. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31599840/
[4] Simon JA, Kingsberg SA, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Clayton AH. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):909-917. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31599847/
[5] Thurston L, Hunjan T, Mills EG, et al. Melanocortin 4 receptor agonism enhances sexual brain processing in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. J Clin Invest. 2022;132(19):e152341. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36189794/
[6] Borland JM, Kohut-Jackson AL, Peyla AC, Hall MA, Mermelstein PG, Meisel RL. Female Syrian hamster analyses of bremelanotide, a US FDA approved drug for the treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Neuropharmacology. 2025;267:110299. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39793696/
[7] U.S. Food and Drug Administration / DailyMed. Bremelanotide Injection — US Prescribing Information. 2019. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=8c9607a2-5b57-4a59-b159-cf196deebdd9
[8] Spana C, Jordan R, Fischkoff S. Effect of bremelanotide on body weight of obese women: Data from two phase 1 randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022;24(6):1084-1093. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35170192/
[9] Hellstrom WJ. Clinical applications of centrally acting agents in male sexual dysfunction. Int J Impot Res. 2008. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijir.2008.18
[10] Pyke RE, Clayton AH. Effect Size in Efficacy Trials of Women With Decreased Sexual Desire. Sex Med Rev. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sxmr.2018.01.003
[11] Shadiack AM, Althof S. Preclinical effects of melanocortins in male sexual dysfunction. Int J Impot Res. 2008. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijir.2008.17
[13] Suzuki S, Yamamoto M, Sanomachi T, et al. Melanocortin Receptor Agonist Bremelanotide Induces Cell Death and Growth Inhibition in Glioblastoma. Anticancer Res. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39197897/
[14] Goldstein I, et al. (122) Positive Effects of Bremelanotide on Female Sexual Arousal and Orgasm in Premenopausal Women. J Sex Med. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/jsxmed/qdaf068.108
[15] Vereecken S, et al. (396) Comparative Analysis of Flibanserin, Bremelanotide, and Testosterone Therapy for Female Sexual Dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/jsxmed/qdaf320.390
[16] How A, Simon JA. Novel Pharmacologic Treatments of Female Sexual Dysfunction. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39846877/

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A plain-English research desk for PT-141 (bremelanotide), reading the newest studies first — the one approved use named, the off-label uses flagged, the modest benefit and the nausea both kept in view; a reading desk, not a clinic, with nothing here dosed or sold.